How to Lay Out Heating-cable Spacing

For straight pipes lay the cable straight or spirally with spacing of 100-300 mm (tighter for larger diameters or colder climates) so the wall heats evenly. Add extra length on bends and at supports/holders; use removable heating at valves and flanges with enough margin for maintenance. Fix with dedicated aluminum-foil tape, avoid stretching the cable, and test insulation section by section.